Course: 404A Elementary particle and high energy physics I

Lecturer: prof. dr hab. Andrzej K. Wróblewski

Semester: winter

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 0

Code: 13.507404

Credits: 2,5

Basic information on the systematics of elementary particles and their interactions

Introductory information: h = c = 1 system of units, formation and production experiments. Systematics of particles in the model of coloured quarks and gluons (construction of meson and baryon multiplets)

Quark-parton model of particle interactions. Quark diagrams. Cabbibo angle. Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix.

Conservation laws in particle physics. P parity, C parity, G parity, CP operation. Consequences of the isospin conservation in strong interactions of particles (Shmushkevitch formalism).

Neutral kaon system, strangeness oscillations, regeneration of the short-lived component. CP parity nonconservation.

Kinematics of interactions. Consequences of the Lorentz transformation. Feynman x. Rapidity and pseudorapidity. Lepton-hadron scattering. Bjorken x. Deep-inelastic scattering (DIS).

Elements of the partial wave analysis (PWA) in formation experiments.

A review of experimental data on particle production in lepton-lepton, lepton-hadron, hadron-hadron interactions (cross sections, multiplicities).

Note: This course is continued in the summer semester in which it is aimed at students who specialise in particle physics. The second part deals with more advanced problems of particle physics, including the details of some modern experiments.

Perkins – Introduction to high energy physics may be used as an auxiliary textbook.

Physics I, II, III, Quantum physics or Quantum mechanics.

Examination.

Course: 404 Elementary particle and high energy physics II

Lecturer: prof. dr hab. Jan Królikowski

Semester: summer

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 3

Code: 13.507404

Credits: 6,5

This lecture is a continuation of the similarly titled lecture from the winter semester. The basic concepts and ideas introduced during the winter semester are used and build upon.

The programme consists of:

integration aspects of experiments in particle physics,

basic experimental justifications of the Standard Model (including precision tests of the SM in LEP),

future experiments and physics beyond the SM.

This programme is as up to date as possible. The subjects discussed during the lecture change every year with the incoming new results. The current results discussed in the high energy physics seminar are frequently discussed and elucidated during this lecture.

There is no textbook, which corresponds to the programme of this lecture. The literature (original and review papers) is given for every subject during the lecture.

Winter semester of course 404, Quantum Mechanics I or Quantum Physics, Physics I, II and III.

Pass of class exercises, oral examination.

Course: 408 Nuclear physics - nuclear spectroscopy

Lecturer: prof. dr hab. Chrystian Droste and prof. dr hab. Jan Żylicz

Semester: winter and summer

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 0

Code: 13.507408

Credits: 5

1. The liquid-drop model

binding energy of a nuclide, line of beta stability, proton and neutron drip line

spontaneous fission

2. The Fermi gas model

the Fermi energy, nuclear potential depth, density of nuclear states

3. The shell model for the spherical nuclei

experimental evidence for the nuclear shell model

single-particle levels, predicted nuclear properties

applications: hypernuclei, the shell structure far beyond the stability line.

The Nilsson model for the nonspherical nuclei

anisotropic harmonic oscillator potential

The Nilsson potential; asymptotic quantum numbers, nuclear properties

5. The delta-interaction and the pairing correlations

The results of the BCS theory, quasiparticles, orbit occupation, energy gap

6. The role of the shell corrections

nuclear shapes, fission isomers, superheavy nuclei, new magic numbers

7. The electromagnetic transitions

classification of the gamma-transitions; selection rules, Weisskopf units, internal conversion

8. The collective nuclear models- low spin

oscillation of the spherical and deformed nuclei, rotation, rotational bands, strong coupling

9. The fast nuclear rotation

rotational alignment, back-bending, band crossing, superdeformed bands

10. Beta decay

draft of the beta decay theory, neutron decay, weak interaction decay constants

the Fermi decay and the analog states, the muon decay, test of the Standard Model

the Gamow-Teller decay, GT resonances, quenching of the GT strength

neutrino physics, double beta decay, search for the neutrino-less double beta decay

11. Emission of the charged particles and neutrons

alpha decay and emission of heavier ions, application of the WKB approximation

ground-state proton emission, beta delayed proton and neutron emission

12. Review of the experimental methods of the "in-beam" nuclear spectroscopy

the gamma spectrometers, modern detectors (e.g. CLOVER), multidetector arrays

angular distribution, the DCO method, magnetic moment and lifetime measurements

A. Strzałkowski, Wstęp do fizyki jądra atomowego.

T. Mayer-Kuckuk, Fizyka jądrowa.

Quantum mechanics I, Introduction to nuclear and particle physics.

Oral examination.

Course: 504 Nuclear physics - nuclear reactions

Lecturer: prof. dr hab. Krystyna Siwek-Wilczyńska and dr Brunon Sikora

Semester: winter and summer

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 0

Code: 13.507504

Credits: 5

These lectures consist of an introduction to the theory of nuclear reactions and an extensive course in experimental studies of different mechanisms of nuclear reactions induced by light and heavy ions in the range of low and intermediate energies. Several lectures are devoted to the field of nuclear reactions at higher energies.

Two body kinematics. Centre of mass and laboratory systems. Geometrical interpretation of the reaction cross section. Differential cross section.

Potential scattering. The quantum theory of potential scattering by a short-range potential. Charged particle scattering.

Classical and semiclassical description of scattering. Classical trajectory and the deflection function.

The wave-optical description of potential scattering. Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction.

Introduction to the formal theory of nuclear reactions.

The general formalism for two-body channels.

The T- and S- matrices.

- The optical potential.

4. Classification of nuclear reactions. Basic reaction mechanisms in reactions induced by light and heavy ions.

5. Direct reactions and inelastic scattering.

- The distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA). Applications in nuclear structure studies. Spectroscopic factors.

- The coupled-channels formalism.

6. The compound nucleus.

- The Bohr hypothesis. Reaction cross sections.

- Compound-elastic and shape-elastic scattering. The Breit-Wigner formula.

- The statistical model. The nuclear level density in the Fermi gas model and in the nuclear shell model.

7. Compound nucleus in heavy ion reactions.

- The compound nucleus and its decay. Competition between particle evaporation, fission and gamma decay.

- Complete fusion and its limitations. The critical angular momentum and the critical distance models.

- Fusion of very heavy systems. Extra-push.

- Incomplete fusion.

8. Deep-inelastic collisions (DIC). Experimental observations and theory.

- Characteristic features of DIC.

- Dissipative phenomena . Friction and one body dissipation.

- Nuclear potentials - The "proximity” model.

9. The nuclear fission.

- Characteristics of spontaneous and induced fission.

- Doubly humped barriers. Fission isomers.

- Time scales deduced from neutron multiplicities.

- Very asymmetric fission.

10. Nuclear forces.

- The nucleon-nucleon interaction.

- The deuteron.

- Spin and isospin dependence of nuclear forces.

11. Introduction to nuclear reactions at intermediate and low relativistic energies.

- Kinematics: rapidity and its properties.

- Collective effects, reaction plane, flow.

- Theoretical descriptions: BUU and QMD.

- Measurements of cross sections and angular distributions.

- Equation of state.

- Multifragmentation and particle production

12. Selected experimental methods. Detection of charged particles.

- Delta E-E telescopes, position sensitive detectors.

- Time-of-flight method.

P. Fröbrich, R. Lipperheide, Theory of nuclear reactions.

E. Gadioli, P. Hodgson, Preequilibrium nuclear reactions, chap.1-4.

T. Mayer-Kuckuk, Fizyka jądrowa.

A. Strzałkowski, Wstęp do fizyki jądra atomowego.

Required: Quantum mechanics I, Introduction to nuclear and elementary particle physics.

Suggested: Thermodynamics or Statistical physics I.

Examination.

Course: 413 Elements of Modern Optics

Lecturer: prof. dr hab. Krzysztof Ernst

Semester: winter and summer

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 0

Code: 13.207413

Credits: 5

I. High resolution laser spectroscopy

1. Saturation spectroscopy

2. Two-photon spectroscopy

3. Polarisation spectroscopy

4. Quantum beats

5. Nonlinear Hanle effect

6. Application of 1 and 2 to hydrogen atom

II. Unconventional techniques in laser spectroscopy

1. Optoacustic spectroscopy (OA)

2. Optogalvanic spectroscopy (OG)

3. Resonance ionisation spectroscopy (RIS)

III. Elements of laser chemistry

1. Laser isotope separation

2. Laser induced chemical reactions

3. Clusters and laser snow

IV. Remote spectral analysis

1. Atmospheric and stratospheric studies

2. Lidar (principle of operation and applications)

V. Cooling and trapping of atoms

1. Doppler cooling

2. Sisyphus cooling

3. Magnetic and gravitational traps

4. Applications

VI. Semiconductor diode lasers and their applications

1. Overtone molecular spectroscopy

VII. Spectroscopy with atomic beams

VIII. Optical pumping

1. Magnetometers

2. Atomic frequency standards

IX. Rydberg atoms and their properties

W.Demtroder, Spektroskopia laserowa, PWN.

A.Corney, Atomic and Laser Spectroscopy, Clarendon Press.

Suggested: Quantum mechanics I.

Required: Quantum physics, Introduction to atomic, molecular and solid state physics or Introduction to optics and solid state physics (since 1998/9).

Oral examination.

Course: 507 Laser physics

Lecturer: prof. dr hab. Krzysztof Wódkiewicz

Semester: winter and summer

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 0

Code: 13.207507

Credits: 5

Quantum optical amplifiers.

Radiation in empty cavities

Einstein theory of light-matter interactions.

Classical and semiclassical theory of dispersion.

Quantum theory of dispersion. Bloch equations.

Semiclassical laser theory. Introduction to Lamb theory.

Laser beams. Geometric optics of optical cavities.

Wave theory of laser resonators.

Optical coherence of laser light.

Fluctuations and photon statistics of laser light.

K. Shimoda, Wstęp do Fizyki laserów.

P. Milonni, J. H. Eberly, Lasers.

Quantum mechanics I, Electrodynamics.

Oral examination.

Course: 417 Solid state physics

Lecturer: prof. dr hab. Marian Grynberg

Semester: winter and summer

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 0

Code: 13.207417

Credits: 5

Introduction to crystallography. Electron in periodic potential. Nearly-free-electron approximation. Finite crystal, Born-von Karman periodical boundary conditions. Phonons and lattice vibrations. Motion of electrons and transport phenomena, the Boltzmann equation. Relaxation time approximation. The effective mass approximation, shallow impurity states. The optical properties of metals. The dynamic dielectric function. The optical properties of solid states, van Hove singularities. Intraband and interband magnetooptics. Free and bound excitons. Electronic structure of the cubic crystal under uniaxial stress. Highly doped crystals, hopping, metal isolator transition. Amorphous materials. Crystal surface. Heterostructures and quantum wells. Two-dimensional electron gas, quantization in the magnetic field. Quantum Hall Effect. Zero- and one-dimensional systems.

N.W. Ashcroft, N.D. Mermin, Solid State Physics

Ch Kittel , Introduction to Solid State Physics

P.Yu, M. Cardona, Fundamental of Semiconductors

Prerequisites:

Oral examination.

Course: 421 Structure and lattice dynamics of condensed matter

Lecturer: prof. dr hab. Izabela Sosnowska

Semester: winter and summer

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 0

Code: 13.207421

Credits: 5

Syllabus:

Elements of modern crystallography. Symmetries in solids including symmetries of modulated structures and quasicrystals. Relation between structure, dynamics and physical properties of crystals. Interactions in condensed matter. Physical and structural properties of matter: magnetism, ferroelectricity, and superconductivity. Structure of ionic conductors, amorphous materials, liquid crystals and quasicrystals. Methods of crystal and magnetic structure investigations. Structural studies of condensed matter by using different experimental techniques. Influence of external parameters such as pressure, temperature and magnetic field on physical properties of matter. Phase transitions and their investigations.

Z. Bojarski, M. Gigla, K. Stróż, M. Surowiec, Krystalografia, PWN, 1996.

B.K. Weinstein, Modern Crystallography, Nauka, Moskwa 1979 (in English and Russian), vol.. I-IV.

Principles of X-ray and neutron diffraction, Physics V.

Oral examination.

Course: 511 Nuclear methods in solid state physics

Lecturer: prof. dr hab. Izabela Sosnowska

Semester: winter and summer

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 0

Code: 13.207511

Credits: 5

Nuclear methods in modern crystallography. Condensed matter studies at nuclear reactors, spallation sources and synchrotron radiation sources. Interactions of radiation with condensed matter. Neutron scattering and correlation functions. Atomic and magnetic ordering in condensed matter. The Debye-Waller and Lamb-Mössbauer factors. Dispersion relations of magnons and phonons. Phase transitions. Phonon density of states. Diffusion. Experimental methods of structure and lattice dynamics studies. Neutron scattering and other nuclear methods such as Mössbauer effect, NMR and synchrotron radiation and their application in materials science.

Z. Bojarski, M. Gigla, K. Stróż, M. Surowiec, Krystalografia, PWN, 1996.

B.K. Weinstein, Modern Crystallography, Nauka, Moskwa 1979 (in English and Russian), vol.. I-IV.

X-ray and neutron diffraction, Physics V, Quantum mechanics I, Structure and lattice dynamics of condensed matter.

Oral examination.

Course: 425 X-ray physics –I

Lecturer: prof. dr hab. Jerzy Gronkowski and prof. dr hab. Maria Lefeld-Sosnowska

Semester: winter and summer

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 0

Code: 13.207425

Credits: 5

General properties, sources, synchrotron radiation.

Interactions with matter (absorption, photoelectric effect, photoelectron spectroscopy; Thomson, Rayleigh and Compton scattering; refraction and x-ray reflectometry).

Defects in crystals.

Dynamical theory of diffraction (dynamical effects in perfect crystals, diffraction in distorted crystals, Takagi-Taupin theory, numerical simulations).

J. Gronkowski, Materiały do wykładu 1995/96.

N. A. Dyson, Promieniowanie rentgenowskie w fizyce atomowej i jądrowej.

M. Lefeld-Sosnowska, Rozprawa habilitacyjna (UW 1979).

Required: Physics I, II, III, IV, Fundamentals of X-ray and neutron diffraction.

Suggested: Introduction to atomic, molecular and solid state physics or Introduction to optics and solid state physics (since 1998/99), electrodynamics of continuous media.

Oral examination.

Course: 513 X-ray physics –II

Lecturer: prof. dr hab. Jerzy Gronkowski and prof. dr hab. Maria Lefeld-Sosnowska

Semester: winter and summer

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 0

Code: 13.209513

Credits: 5

Experimental methods (standing waves, diffractometry, powder diffraction, lattice parameter determination, X-ray interferometry, X-ray optics, structure determination, many-beam cases, grazing-incidence diffraction, quasicrystals).

X-ray scattering (inelastic scattering, comparison with neutrons; diffuse scattering, point defects studies; small-angle scattering).

X-ray emission and absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS, SAXS).

Overview of X-ray and other materials science methods (X-ray reflectometry, thin layer studies; X-ray microscopy; phase-contrast methods; X-ray lithography; electron spectroscopy, electron diffraction, LEED, RHEED).

Free-electron lasers (undulators).

J. Gronkowski, Materiały do wykładu 1995/96.

N. A. Dyson, Promieniowanie rentgenowskie w fizyce atomowej i jądrowej.

M. Lefeld-Sosnowska, Rozprawa habilitacyjna (UW 1979).

Required: Physics I, II, III, IV, Fundamentals of X-ray and neutron diffraction.

Suggested: Introduction to atomic, molecular and solid state physics or Introduction to optics and solid state physics (since 1998/99), electrodynamics of continuos media.

Oral examination.

Course: 428 Quantum mechanics II (for students of Biophysics)

Lecturer: dr hab. Maciej Geller

Semester: winter

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 1

Semester: summer

Lecture hours per week: 1

Class hours per week: 1

Code: 13.207428

Credits: 6,5

Lecture covers introduction to quantum mechanics of molecules, molecular mechanics and theory of intermolecular interactions.

From Schrödinger equation to SCF-HF-MO-LCAO method. Approximated Schrödinger equation solution of molecular sets. Born-Oppenheimer approximation, one electron approximation, Hartree-Fock method, self coherent field method (SCF) and wave function in a form of Slater determinant; Hartree-Fock-Roothaan method (LCAO).

Ab initio and semiempirical methods.

Physical interpretation of chemical bond stability.

Bonding and antibonding orbitals; pi and sigma; hybridised orbitals.

Methods of molecular mechanics.

Description of intermolecular interactions. Rayleigh - Schrödinger perturbation calculus.

Application of quantum description to electronic structure of molecules and biological macromolecules.

W. Kołos, Chemia kwantowa.

Quantum mechanics I.

Pass of class exercises, examination.

Course: 429 Biology

Lecturer: doc. dr hab. Jan Sabliński

Semester: winter

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 0

Code: 13.101429

Credits: 2,5

Cell theory; general information about structure, functioning and organisation of the plant and animal cells, bacteria, viruses and subcellular structures.

Cell cycle: chromosomes, gene code.

Basics of genetics: genes, Mendel laws, segregation of genes, genotype-phenotype-environment. Human genetics, sex determination.

Chromosome and gene mutations.

Differentiation of cells. Regulation and expression of genes.

Basics of physiology.

Basics of molecular and clinical oncology. Human protooncogenes-oncogenes cancer illnesses.

Basics of immunology: structure and production of antibodies, major histocompatibility complex, immune tolerance, autoaggression.

Gene therapy. Transgenic animals.

Basics of radiobiology- influence of ionising radiation on live organism.

Selected topics in evolution.

Literature:

Prerequisites:

Examination.

Course: 430 Organic chemistry

Lecturer: dr hab. Zygmunt Kazimierczuk

Semester: winter

Lecture hours per week: 4

Class hours per week: 0

Code: 13.303430

Credits: 5

Basics of organic chemistry. Special emphasis is put on the structure and properties of biological molecules (aminoacids, proteins, carbohydrates, derivatives of nucleic acids). Lecture prepares students to the biochemistry course.

M. Masztalerz, Chemia organiczna.

Introduction to biophysics.

Examination.

Course: 432 Biochemistry

Lecturer: dr hab. Ewa Kulikowska

Semester: summer

Lecture hours per week: 4

Class hours per week: 4

Code: 13.607432

Credits: 10

1.a. Proteins. Aminoacids, peptides. Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins. Complex proteins. Classification. Molecular evolution of proteins.

1.b. Enzymes. Classification and terminology. The role of enzyme. Outline of enzymatic kinetics. Inhibition and activation. Allosteric enzymes. Regulation of enzyme activity. Mechanism of enzyme-catalysed reaction: structure of active site, catalytic mechanism. Enzymatic complexes. Coenzymes: structures, classes of catalysed reactions, selected electronic mechanisms. Coenzymes and vitamins.

1.c. Metabolic pathways of proteins. Proteolytic enzymes. Transmination, decarboxylation of aminoacids, oxidative deamination of glutamate. Urea cycle. Oxidative decarboxylation of alpha - ketoacids. Selected electronic mechanisms.

2.a. Nucleic acids. Primary structures of DNA and RNA. Outline of biosynthesis from precursors. DNA: secondary and tertiary structures. RNA: structures of tRNA, mRNA and rRNA. Nucleolytic enzymes. Genetic functions: DNA replication in prokaryotic and eucaryotic cells; RNA transcription: processing, splicing. Interrupted genes. Mechanism of genetic information transmission. Genetic code. Translation: protein biosynthesis in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

2.b. Viruses in molecular biology. Classification. DNA viruses, bacteriophages, animal and plant RNA viruses. HIV virus: genome, replication and life-cycle.

3. Carbohydrates : structures and metabolism. Mono- and disaccharides. Glycosides. Animal and plant polysaccharides. Hydrolysis and phosphorolysis of polysaccharides. Glycolysis and fermentation. Substrate-level phosphorylation. Tricarboxylic acid cycle. Pentose phosphate pathway. Gluconeogenesis. Glycoproteins.

4. Lipids: structures and metabolism. Acylglycerols, phospholipids, glycolipids, waxes, steroids, terpens, vitamins. Metabolism: digestion of lipids, beta-oxidation of fatty acids, biosynthesis of fatty acids, acylglycerols and phospholipids. Lipoproteins.

5. Oxidative metabolism and bioenergetics. Exergonic and endergonic processes. Thermodynamic relationships and energy-rich compounds: ATP. Structure of mitochondrion: electron transport system. Electron- transfer components and their standard oxidation-reduction potential values. Free enthalpy changes in redox reactions. Mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation - Mitchell^’s chemiosmotic hypothesis. Net yields of ATP during oxidative and glycolytic pathways.

6. Photosynthesis. Light-dependent and dark reactions. Carbon fixation cycle. Structure of chloroplast. Antenna complex and light absorbing pigments. Light-induced electron transport. Structures and roles of photosystems II and I . Noncyclic and cyclic photophosphorylations.

7. Biochemistry of cellular organelles. Characteristics of eucaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Biological membranes: structure and chemical composition. Mechanisms of passive mediated and active mediated membrane transport systems. Channels and pores, transporters, ionophores. ATPase sodium-potassium pump: structure and function. Calcium pump. Cellular nucleus: structure of eucariotic chromosome. Procaryotic chromosome, plasmids, transposons. Biochemical functions of mitochondrion, ribosome and endoplasmic reticulum.

8. Metabolic interrelationships. Steps of cellular catabolism. Metabolite exchange between tricarboxylic acids cycle and protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolic pools. Aerobic and anaerobic catabolism balance in cell, allosteric control.

9.a. Regulation of metabolism, Jacob^’s and Monod^’s model of enzymatic induction and repression. Other mechanisms of genetic-level regulation. DNA binding regulatory proteins in eukaryotes.

9.b. Endogenic regulatory compounds: allosteric inhibition and activation of enzymes ( and of biochemical pathways). Regulatory role of membrane transport and enzymatic complexes.

9.c. Intercellular signalization. Messengers for regulatory information: hormones and neurotransmitters. Hormones: mechanisms action. Hormonal cascades of signals. Protein phosphorylation system: cAMP-dependent protein kinases, G proteins and other proteins.

9.d. Nervous system: regulatory function. Action potential, propagation of depolarization of neuron membrane along an axon and at synapses: mechanisms of the processes. Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Role of calcium ions and of calmodulin. Neurotransmitters and memory. Drugs and piosons related to synaptic transmission.

L. Stryer, Biochemia.

A.L. Lehninger, Biochemia.

P. Karlson, Zarys Biochemii, t. I i II.

Suggested: Introduction to biophysics.

Required: Organic chemistry.

Pass of class exercises. Examination.

Course: 433 Molecular spectroscopy

Lecturer: dr hab. Mieczysław Remin

Semester: summer

Lecture hours per week: 3

Class hours per week: 2

Code: 13.208433

Credits: 6

Theory, methods and application (molecular structure and dynamics) of molecular spectroscopy; nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) - classical and quantum descriptions of the spin system, relaxation, NMR parameters (chemical shifts, scalar couplings, etc.), 1H, 13C and 31P NMR in one- and two dimensions; electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR); IR and UV-VIS absorption, fluorescence - energy levels in the molecule, transition probabilities, electronic, oscillation and rotation spectra, circular dichroism; light dispersion and Raman spectroscopy; mass spectrometry; Mössbauer effect.

P.W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry.

A. Abragam, Principles of magnetic resonance.

G. Herzberg, Molecular spectra and molecular structure.

H. Günter, Spektroskopia wysokiej zdolności rodzielczej NMR.

Z. Kęcki, Podstawy spektroskopii molekularnej.

R. Ernst, G. Bodenhausen, Principles of nuclear magnetic resonance in one and two dimmension.

T. James, Biomedical magnetic resonance.

T. Evans, Biomolecular NMR spektroscopy.

Journals of the International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine:

Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, ed. G. D. Fullerton;

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine ed. F. W. Wehrli,

Practical exercises: Laboratory of physical chemistry - spectroscopic exercises, 2nd semester, 4th year.

Pass of class exercises. Examination.

Course: 515 Molecular biophysics I

Lecturer: prof. dr hab. Ryszard Stolarski

Semester: winter

Lecture hours per week: 4

Class hours per week: 0

Code: 13.909515

Credits: 5

Conformation, 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th order structures, dynamics of molecular motions, intra- and intermolecular interactions, of proteins and nucleic acids; basic experimental and theoretical methods of biopolymer investigations: sequencing, electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation, NMR, X-ray diffraction, molecular dynamics (MD) and restrained molecular dynamics (rMD); protein folding in vitro and in vivo; specific recognition between biopolymers and small ligands, as well as between proteins and nucleic acids; kinetics of enzymatic reactions and ribozymes.

W. Saenger, Princilples of nucleic acid structure.

T. E. Creighton, Proteins. Structures and molecular properties.

Practical exercises: Laboratory of biophysics, 180 h, 1st semester, 5th year.

Molecular spectroscopy and Biochemistry.

Oral examination.

Course: 516 Molecular genetics

Lecturer: dr hab. Edward Darżynkiewicz

Semester: winter

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 0

Code: 13.909516

Credits: 2,5

Selected, most important topics in modern molecular genetics. Structure of DNA: helical structure, different helical types, DNA and chromosomes, methods of DNA structure studies. Transcription . DNA sequence. Structure and function of RNA. Splicing, capping, poliadenylation. Intracellular transport of RNA. Biosynthesis of proteins. Genetic engineering.

Genetyka molekularna, red. Piotr Węgleński, PWN.

Nowe tendencje w biologii molekularnej i inżynierii genetycznej oraz medycynie, Wyd. Sorus, Poznań.

A. Jerzmanowski, Geny i ludzie.

L. Stryer, Biochemia.

Biochemistry (for students of Biophysics).

Examination.

Course: 518 Introduction to mathematical and numerical modelling in natural sciences

Lecturer: prof. dr hab. Bohdan Lesyng

Semester: winter

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 2

Code: 11.009518

Credits: 5

Modern computer architecture.

Theory and experiment. Modelling and simulations.

Discretisation of phase space.

Periodic boundary conditions.

Monte-Carlo algorithms.

Simple discrete models.

Review of quantum methods for determination of microscopic potentials of atomic and molecular systems

Born-Oppenheimer approximation

Hartree-Fock approximation

Perturbation calculus in polarisation approximation

Density functional

Simulation of discrete systems in equilibrium conditions.

Simulation of time evolution of discrete systems.

Selected applications

Structure and dynamics of nucleic acids.

Structure and dynamics of proteins.

J. M. Haile, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, Elementary Methods.

R. W. Hockney, J. W. Eastwood, Computer Simulation Using Particles.

M. P. Allen, D. J. Tildesley, Computer Simulation of Liquids.

J. A. McCammon, S. Harvey, Dynamics of Proteins and Nucleic Acids.

B. Lesyng, J. A. McCammon, Molecular Modeling Methods, Basic Techniques and Challenging Problems in Pharmac.Ther. vol. 60, pp.149-167, 1993.

Suggested: Statistical physics I, Introduction to atomic, molecular and solid state physics or Introduction to optics and solid state physics.

Required: Physics I, II, III, IV, V, Quantum mechanics I.

Pass of class exercises, examination.

Course: 519 Molecular biophysics II

Lecturer: many lecturers (coordination prof. dr hab. Ryszard Stolarski)

Semester: summer

Lecture hours per week: 4

Class hours per week: 0

Code: 13.909519

Credits: 5

Continuation of Molecular biophysics I. Dedicated for students preparing their M. Sc. theses, based on experimental investigations in biophysics - those interested in the theoretical investigations can choose the lecture: Methods of Molecular Modelling. Survey and Practical Applications (Prof. B. Lesyng). Presentations, by several lecturers, of current scientific research conducted in the Department of Biophysics as well as in collaborative institutes worldwide, e.g. NMR in biology and medicine, crystallisation of biopolymers, time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, computer modelling of macro-molecules, biomembranes and bioenergetics.

Literature:

Molecular biophysics I.

Written examination.

Course: 520 Molecular modelling methods. Review and applications.

Lecturer: prof. dr hab. Bohdan Lesyng

Semester: summer

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 2

Code: 11.009520

Credits: 5

Experimental techniques of structure and dynamics of biopolymere studies.

Introduction to electronic theory of molecules.

Electronic density function.

Macroscopic models of intermolecular interactions.

Potential energy function for macromolecules.

Micromechanics and molecular dynamics.

Molecular dynamics simulations.

Quantum dynamics of molecular systems.

Molecular mesoscopic models.

Different time scales of dynamic molecular processes.

Protein folding.

Literature:

Suggested: Quantum mechanics I, Quantum chemistry, Introduction to atomic, molecular and solid state physics or Introduction to optics and solid state physics, Introduction to mathematical and numerical modelling in natural sciences.

Required: Introduction to biophysics, Physics I, II, III, IV, V.

Pass of class exercises. Examination.

Course: 435 Fundamental problems of biomedical sciences

Lecturer: prof. dr hab. Jan Doroszewski

Semester: winter

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week:

Code: 12.905435

Credits: 2,5

This lecture presents in a contemporary and synthetic form basic elements of construction and functions of the human organism. Description involves diverse structural levels, beginning with molecular and cellular levels to tissues, organs and systems until the organism as a whole. Particular attention is paid to dependencies connecting normal and pathological phenomena on different levels, especially related to regulatory processes and their disfunctions. Lecture includes the principles of methodological approach to diagnostic and therapeutic problems.

Fizjologia człowieka z elementami fizjologii stosowanej i klinicznej, wyd. 2, red. W. Z. Traczyk i A.Trzebski, PZWL, Warszawa 1989.

W. Z. Traczyk, Fizjologia człowieka w zarysie.

Podstawy cytofizjologii, red. J. Kawiak i in., PWN.

Podstawy biofizyki - podręcznik dla studentów medycyny, red. A.Pilawski, PZWL.

Biochemia Harpera, wyd. 3, red. R. K. Murray i in., PZWL.

Anatomia człowieka, wyd. 5, red, J. Sokołowska-Pituchowa, PZWL.

Michajlik, W. Ramotowski, Anatomia i fizjologia człowieka, PZWL.

Patofizjologia – podręcznik dla studentów medycyny, PZWL.

Prerequisites:

Oral examination.

Course: 436 Principles of medical diagnostics

Lecturer: prof. dr hab. Jerzy Tołwiński

Semester: winter

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 2

Code: 13.206436

Credits: 5

Physical problems in radiodiagnostics.

Diagnostic examination techniques.

Imaging equipment and its physical parameters.

Computer Tomography in Roentgen diagnostics and nuclear medicine.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Sources of radiation: RTG lamps and radiopharmaceutic drugs.

Radiation detectors.

X-rays and gamma radiation in biological objects.

Imaging methods in medical diagnostics.

Data processing in qualitative diagnostics and presentation of results.

Statistical methods in imaging techniques.

Evaluation of diagnostic images quality.

Dosimetry of radiation and equipment used in medical diagnostics.

Patient's exposure to ionising radiation.

Radioprotection in sites applying ionising radiation.

Quality control of diagnostic equipment operation.

The physics of medical imaging,, red. S. Webb.

P. Sprawls, Physical principles of medical imaging.

Effective use of computers in nuclear medicine, red. Gelfand.

Problemy biocybernetyki i inż. biomed, red. M. Nałęcz, tom 1-6.

H. Morneburg, Bildgebene, Systeme fur die medizinische diagnostic.

Hospital health physics, red.G. Eichholz, J. Shonke.

Wybrane artykuły w czasopismach: Medical Physics, Am. Assoc. Phys. Med, Physics in Medicine and Biology, IOP Publishing Ltd.

Introduction to nuclear and elementary particles physics.

Pass of class exercises, examination.

Course: 437 Statistical methods of data analysis

Lecturer: dr Piotr J. Durka

Semester: winter and summer

Lecture hours per week: 2/2

Class hours per week: 2/2

Code: 11.205437

Credits: 10

Probability - independent events, random variable, probability density function, mean, variance.

Distributions: uniform, binomial, Poisson, Gauss, chi square

Central Limit Theorem, The Law of Large Numbers, Chebyshev's inequality

Random samples - statistics. Estimators: unbiased and consistent. Maximum likelihood method.

Hypothesis testing; Student's distribution, bivariate normal distribution, correlation, covariance matrix.

Linear regression. F distribution.

Applications: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Chi square test of goodness of fit. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Principal component analysis (PCA), Factor analysis. Discriminant analysis.

Nonparametric tests. Cluster analysis.

laboratory: Systat, Matlab, C.

Binary representations of characters, numbers, images etc. Notion of algorithm's computational complexity – notation O(.). NP-hard problems. Hilbert space L^2(0, 2 pi). Set of vectors: linearly independent, orthogonal, basis. Fourier coefficients. Isomorphism of L^2 and l^2.

Spectral analysis: Fourier series, Parseval theorem, Fourier transform. Spectral power density.

Convolution theorem.

AR, ARMA processes. Linear time invariant systems (LTI). Impulse response function. Description by linear differential equations. Z transform. System function.

Construction of frequency filters - theory and practice. Modelling and analysis of simple systems.

Briefly: estimation of signal's energy density in the time-frequency plane. Spectrogram, Wignertransform, wavelets, Matching Pursuit. Fractals and deterministic chaos. Artificial neural networks.

lab:Matlab, Simulink

Basic scripts with equations and theorems (PostScript): ftp://brain.fuw.edu.pl/pub/statys.ps - statistics and

Analysis, Algebra, Computer Programming I and II.

Pass of class exercises, examination.

Course: 438 Bioelectric phenomena and elements of biocybernetics

Lecturer: prof. dr hab. Katarzyna Cieślak-Blinowska

Semester: winter and summer

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 0

Code: 13.907438

Credits: 4,5

Transport of ions in the neural and muscle cells. Generation of electric potentials across biological membrane. Hodgkin-Huxley theory.

Propagation of electrical excitation in neurones. Synaptic transmission and postsynaptic potentials. Transmission in neural pools.

Electric phenomena in muscle cells. Muscle control mechanisms.

Electric phenomena in sensory organs. Active transduction of stimulus. Mechanisms providing high sensitivity and resolution.

Volume conduction. The electrical properties of biological tissues and their influence on potentials measured in the different regimes.

Principles of the stochastic signals analysis.

Physiological signals: EEG, ERP, EMG, EKG, ERG, EOG, EDG, OAE, MEG, MKG - generation, registration, analysis methods, clinical applications.

Modelling of the electrical activity of neural pools, Freeman and Lopes da Silva models.

Artificial neural networks. Formal neurones. Perceptron and Adaline. Hopfield networks (association memory). Multi-layer networks with back-propagation. Learning rules: supervised, unsupervised, competitive learning.

P. Nunez, Electric fields of the brain.

W. J. Freeman, Mass action in the nervous system.

J. Hertz, A. Krogh, R. Palmer, Wstęp do teorii obliczeń neuronowych.

Electrodynamics.

Oral examination.

Course: 441 Physical principles of radiotherapy and dosimetry of ionising radiation

Lecturer: dr Paweł Kukołowicz

Semester: summer

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 1

Code: 12.906441

Credits: 4

Introduction to clinical radiobiology - description of cell death, tumor control probability, normal tissue complications - early and late injuries, linear-quadratic model - exercises.

Introduction to dosimetry of ionising radiation, KERMA, absorbed dose and relationships, IAEA Report 277, calculations of absorbed dose - exercises.

Dose distribution for ionising radiation - electron and photon beams, percent depth dose, profile data, isodose lines, dose rate, Cunningham's model of beam (primary and scatter dose), calculations of treatment time - exercises.

Introduction to treatment planning - major techniques of teleradiotherapy, optimisation of dose distribution, treatment planning system - exercises.

Literature:

Prerequisites:

Pass of class exercises, examination.

Course: 524 Mathematical modelling of biological processes

Lecturer: dr Piotr Franaszczuk

Semester: winter

Lecture hours: 30

Class hours: 0

Code: 11.007524

Credits: 2,5

Introduction (qualitative analysis of point model).

Dynamical models.

Elements of qualitative analysis of dynamical systems.

Elements of chemical reaction dynamics (enzymatic reactions).

Models of cell culture.

Stochastic models.

Elements of chaotic systems dynamics.

Simulation models of neural networks.

Literature:

Prerequisites:

Examination.

Course: 525 Biochemistry

Lecturer: dr hab. Ewa Kulikowska

Semester: winter

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 0

Code: 13.608525

Credits: 2,5

Characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Proteins. Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins. Molecular evolution of proteins.

Enzymes. Classification and terminology. Role of enzyme. Activation and inhibition. Allosteric enzymes. Regulation of enzyme activity. Coenzymes. Mechanisms of catalysis. Enzymatic complexes.

Outline of carbohydrates and lipids structures.

Outline of protein, carbohydrate and lipid catabolism. Substrate-level phosphorylation. Tricarboxylic acid cycle.

Oxidative metabolism and bioenergetics. Exergonic and endergonic processes. Thermodynamic relationships and energy-rich compounds: ATP. Structure of mitochondrion: electron transport system. Electron- transfer components and their standard oxidation-reduction potential values. Free enthalpy changes in redox reactions. Mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation - Mitchell^’s chemiosmotic hypothesis. Net yields of ATP during oxidative and glycolytic pathways.

Photosynthesis. Light-dependent and dark reactions. Structure of chloroplast. Outline of carbon fixation cycle. Antenna complex and light absorbing pigments. Light-induced electron transport. Structures and roles of photosystems II and I. Noncyclic and cyclic photophosphorylations.

Nucleic acids: structures and functions. DNA: structures of eukaryotic and prokaryotic chromosomes. Plasmids, transposons. Replication. Mutations and repair of DNA. Mutations and cancer. p53 protein. RNA: transcription, processing, splicing, interrupted genes. tRNA, mRNA, rRNA. Translation: protein biosynthesis. Genetic code. The basis of genetic engineering. Agents that cause cancer in animals.

DNA viruses, RNA viruses, bacteriophages: structures, main types. Scheme of life cycle. Lysogenic phages. HIV virus: structure and life cycle. Viroides and evolution of viruses.

Biological membranes : structure and chemical composition. Mechanisms of passive mediated and active mediated membrane transport systems. Channels and pores, transporters, ionophores. ATPase sodium-potassium pump: structure and function. Calcium pump.

Regulation of metabolism. Genetic-level regulation: Jacob^’s and Mond^’s model of enzymatic induction and repression. Endogenic regulatory compounds: allosteric inhibition and activation of enzymes ( and of biochemical pathways).

Intercellular signalization. Messengers for regulatory information: hormones and neurotransmitters. Hormones: mechanisms of action. Hormonal cascades of signals. Protein phosphorylation system: cAMP-dependent protein kinases, transducing G protein and other proteins.

Nervous system: regulatory function. Action potential, propagation of depolarisation of neurone membrane along an axon and at synapses: mechanisms of the processes. Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Role of calcium ions and of calmodulin. Neurotransmitters and memory. Drugs and poisons related to synaptic transmission.

Visual system. Structure of eye: retina, rods and cones. Mechanism of vision: transducing of sensory input into an electrical signal. Role of rhodopsin, transducin and other proteins: photochemical, biochemical and electrical events.

Muscle contraction. Structure of skeletal muscle cell. Mechanism of contraction : role of myosin-ATPase, actin and other proteins. Regulatory role of calcium ions and calsequestrin.

L. Stryer, Biochemia.

S. Rose, S. Bullock, Chemia życia.

Suggested: Introduction to biophysics.

Oral examination.

Course: 526 Radiometry and radioecology

Lecturer: dr Bogumiła Mysłek-Laurikainen

Semester: winter

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 0

Code: 13.506526

Credits: 2,5

Radiation in natural environment. Environment monitoring in Poland.

Maximal dose.

Radiation danger in nuclear medicine.

Results of radioactive environment pollution (Czarnobyl, test nuclear explosions).

Energy and nuclear energetics.

Short and long term radiation results.

Microdosymetry.

Safety precautions for radioactive sources.

Literature:

Prerequisites:

Oral examination.

Course: 443 General chemistry

Lecturer: prof. dr hab. Piotr Wrona

Semester: winter

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 0

Code: 13.303443

Credits: 2,5

Syllabus:

Literature:

Prerequisites:

Oral examination.

Course: 443 Organic chemistry

Lecturer: prof. dr hab. Zbigniew Czarnocki

Semester: winter

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 0

Code: 13.303443

Credits: 2,5

Syllabus:

Literature:

Prerequisites:

Oral examination.

Course: 444 Chemical laboratory I

Head: dr hab. Ewa Bulska

Semester: summer

Lecture hours per week: 0

Class hours per week: 3

Code: 13.304444

Credits: 2,5

Syllabus:

Literature:

Prerequisites:

Pass of exercises.

Course: 444 Chemical laboratory II

Head: dr hab. Krystyna Pyrzyńska

Semester: winter

Lecture hours per week: 0

Class hours per week: 3

Code: 13.304444

Credits: 2,5

Syllabus:

Literature:

Chemical laboratory I.

Pass of exercises.

Course: 448 Fourier optics

Lecturer: dr Kazimierz Gniadek

Semester: winter

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 0

Code: 13.207448

Credits: 2,5

Mathematical fundamentals of Fourier optics: analytical representation of one- and two-dimensional (1-D and 2-D) signals; convolution and correlation; 2-D Fourier transform; Fourier-Bessel, Hilbert and Mellin transforms and their relation to Fourier transform; 2-D sampling theorem; discrete Fourier transform.

Optical system as a 2-D linear system: spatial invariance; impulse response; transfer function.

Physical fundamentals of Fourier optics: light waves; complex amplitude; superposition principle; spatial frequencies; Kirchhoff's theory of diffraction; Rayleigh -Sommerfeld's theory of diffraction; diffraction in the Fraunhoffer region as a Fourier transform of light field.

Transforming properties of a lens: lens as an element which transforms phase of a light wave; lens as an element which Fourier transforms distribution of complex amplitude; lens as an imaging element; impulse response of a lens.

Filtration of spatial frequencies and optical signal processing: coherent 4f type processor; computer generated spatial frequency filters; Lohmann's method of amplitude and phase coding; optical realisation of chosen mathematical operations; matched filters and pattern recognition; scale and rotation invariant correlators; visualisation of phase objects; multichannel processing of 1-D optical signals; incoherent image processing.

Optical system as a spatial frequency filter: formation of images with coherent and incoherent illumination; coherent and incoherent transfer function; comparison of imaging with coherent and incoherent light.

K. Gniadek, Optyczne przetwarzanie informacji, PWN, Warszawa, 1993.

K. Gniadek, Optyka fourierowska, wyd. Polit. Warsz., 1987.

J. W.Goodman, Introduction to Fourier Optics, NcGraw-Hill, New York,1968.

E. G. Steward, Fourier Optics - an introduction, Ellis Horwood Limited, Chichester, 1987.

W.T. Cathey, Optyczne przetwarzanie informacji i holografia, PWN, Warszawa, 1978.

Prerequisites:

Examination:

Oral examination.

Course: 449 Optical information processing

Lecturer: dr Kazimierz Gniadek

Semester: winter

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 0

Code: 13.207449

Credits: 2,5

Optical information processing as an interdisciplinary field of science. Generalised model of an optical information processing system.

Coherent optical processors with feedback. Optical computing of partial differential and integral equations using filtration of spatial frequencies method. Image processing in coherent and quasi-coherent systems with feedback.

Incoherent processing of optical signals. Hybrid optoelectronic processors and its applications.

Nonlinear image processing. Halftoning. Nonlinear operations using halftoning technique. Theta modulation. Optical implementation of logic functions. Analog-digital image processing.

Space variant optical systems. Optical implementations of linear space variant operations on 1-D and 2-D signals. Geometrical transformations in optics.

Image enhancement.

Optical tomography. Radon transform and its relationship to Fourier transform. Optical Radon transform.

Optical and optoelectronic implementations of neural network and associative memory models. Associative properties of holograms. Hopfield neural network and its optical implementations. Cellular networks and its hybrid ctronic implementations.

Lectures are given at the Faculty of Technical Physics and Applied Mathematics of Warsaw Technical University

K. Gniadek, Optyczne przetwarzanie informacji, PWN, Warszawa, 1993.

H. Stark, Applications of Optical Fourier Transforms, Academic Press, New York,1984.

Original papers in optical journals : Applied Optics, Journal of the Optical Soc. of America, Optics Communications.

Fourier optics.

Oral examination.

Course: 484 Foundations of hydrodynamics

Lecturer: dr Konrad Bajer

Semester: winter (for students of geophysics)

Lecture hours per week: 3

Class hours per week: 2

Semester: summer (for students of Physics of atmosphere)

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 2

Code: 13.207484

Credits: 6,5 + 5

Summary of vector calculus. Continuity equation. Eulerian and Lagrangian description. Equations of streamlines, pathlines and streaklines. Material derivative. Incompressibility. Vorticity. Incompressible and irrotational parts of the velocity field. Flows with symmetry and streamfunctions.

Stress tensor (definition, symmetries). Stress tensor in a fluid at rest. Integral over material lines, surfaces and volumes and their time derivatives. Integral of a scalar function over material volume. Evolution equation for a material line element. Integral of a scalar function over material surface. Equation of motion of a fluid (momentum equation).

Stress tensor in a moving fluid. Strain tensor. Stress tensor in a Newtonian fluid. Viscosity. Navier-Stokes equation. Equation of motion for incompressible fluid. Euler equation. Lamb’s form of the Euler equation. Bernoulli equation. Boundary conditions on a surface separating two continuous media. Kinematical boundary condition. No-slip condition. Kinematical boundary condition on a free surface. Singular nature of the limit and the existence of boundary layers. Continuity of tangential stresses. Balance of normal stresses. Conditions on a solid-liquid interface. Conditions on a free surface of the fluid. Surface tension.

Energy equation. Energy equation in a Newtonian fluid. Viscous dissipation of energy. Difference between hydrodynamical and thermodynamical pressure, bulk viscosity. Basic relations of thermodynamics. Equation of state. First principle of thermodynamics. Second principle of thermodynamics. Functions of state, Maxwell relations. Specific heat. Thermal expansion coefficient. Entropy equation. Temperature equation. Complete set of equations for a Newtonian fluid.

Time-dependent one-dimensional flow. Diffusion equation. Propagator of the diffusion equation. Influence of viscosity on the discontinuity of velocity. The concept of similarity solutions. Characteristic length- and time-scales of diffusion. Flat plate starting from rest. Flow between two parallel flat plates one starting from rest, temporal development of the velocity profile. Flow in a circular pipe with suddenly imposed pressure gradient.

Equations of motion in a moving frame of reference. Coordinate transformation to an inertial frame of reference. Centrifugal force and Coriolis force. Eckman spiral under a surface with constant tangential stress (wind above the ocean surface). Eckman spiral over horizontal (solid) surface with constant pressure gradient (wind above the ground). Rossby number. The concept of large-scale flow and the meaning of dimensionless numbers. Vorticity and circulation, Kelvin’s theorem. Circulation around a material curve. Absolute vorticity. Barotropic flows. Kelvin theorem and its consequences. Vorticity dynamics.

D. J. Acheson, Elementary Fluid Dynamics.

G. K. Batchelor, An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics.

M. J. Lighthill, An informal Introduction to Theoretical Fluid Mechanics.

R. Patterson, A first Course in Fluid Dynamics.

M. Van Dyke, An Album of Fluid Motion.

Cz. Rymarz, Mechanika Ośrodków Ciągłych.

Mathematical analysis, Algebra, Mathematical methods of physics, Electrodynamics.

Pass of class exercises, examination after first and second semester.

Course: 485 Experimental meteorology

Lecturer: dr Ryszard Balcer

Semester: summer

Lecture hours per week: 3

Class hours per week: 1

Code: 07.708485

Credits: 5

Measurement problems in atmospheric physics. The performance characteristics of measuring systems.

In situ measurements of main atmospheric parameters: temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity, evaporation, clouds, rainfall; visibility, aerosol, solar radiation.

Measurements of atmospheric electricity: electrical field, ions, thundercloud discharges.

Measurements in the upper atmosphere: rawinsondes.

Remote sensing methods: radar, sodar, lidar.

Satellite meteorology: cloud images, temperature and humidity, wind, SST.

World Weather Watch

T. Kopcewicz, Fizyka atmosfery.

E. Strauch, Metody i przyrządy pomiarowe w meteorologii i hydrologii.

J. V. Iribarne, H. R. Cho, Fizyka atmosfery.

Atlas Chmur – IMGW.

Podstawy Metrologii Meteorologicznej - IMGW (w druku).

Physics I-V.

Oral examination.

Course: 486 Theoretical meteorology I

Lecturer: dr Szymon Malinowski

Semester: summer

Lecture hours per week: 3

Class hours per week: 2

Code: 07.708486

Credits: 6,5

The lecture covers fundamentals of meteorology and ocean physics:

1 Composition and structure of atmosphere and ocean. Hydrostatic stability.

2 Radiation in atmosphere. Atmosphere and ocean as heat machines.

3 Weather and climate:

components of weather and climate;

atmospheric phenomena;

air masses, fronts, synpotic systems.

4 Basic information on atmospheric and oceanic circulations:

multiscale interactions;

motions in global scale, synoptic scale, mesoscale;

turbulence.

5 Global Change:

greenhouse effect;

atmospheric ozone;

human impact.

J. V. Iribarne, H. R. Cho, Fizyka Atmosfery.

J. V. Iribarne, Atmospheric thermodynamics.

Suggested: Foundations of hydrodynamics, Thermodynamics.

Required: General meteorology.

Pass of class exercises, oral examination.

Course: 535 Methods of meteorological data processing

Lecturer: prof. dr hab. Krzysztof Haman

Semester: winter

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 2

Code: 13.207535

Credits: 5

1. Introductory informations

Data processing as reduction and selection of available information. Redundancy. Representation of atmospheric processes in various scales. Types of meteorological and climatologiocal data. Organisation of data collection, transmission and processing.

2. Processing and analysis of synoptic data.

Verification and correction of observational data. Sources and types of errors.

The use of redundancy for error detection and correction.

Interpolation and representation of continuos fields. Interpolation to regular networks. Main techniques of interpolation - linear, polynomial, splines etc. The use of climatological and prognostic data in interpolation. Assimilation of asynchronic data.

Filtration of synoptic data. Subjective and objective analysis. Decomposition into orthogonal series. Visualisation - superposition and animation of images. Automatic processing of satellite and radar images.

3. Processing and analysis of climatological data.

Foundations of probability, statistics and stochastic processes theories – recollection.

Stochastic fields. Correlation and autocorrelations. White noise. Canonical decomposition of stochastic processes and fields.

Time series analysis. Canonical decomposition. Stationary series. Classical Fourier analysis.

Power spectra. Latent periodicities. FFT. Red and blue noise. Wavelets.

Analysis of stochastic fields. Natural orthogonal functions and their applications in climatological analysis. Uniform and isotropic fields. Objective interpolation.

R. Daley, Atmospheric Data Analysis.

Experimental meteorology, Mathematical methods of geophysics.

Pass of class exercises, oral examination.

Course: 536 Theoretical meteorology II

Lecturer: dr Szymon Malinowski

Semester: winter

Lecture hours per week: 3

Class hours per week: 2

Code: 07.709536

Credits: 6,5

The lecture covers fundamentals of dynamic meteorology:

Scale analysis of equations of motion. Geostrophic approximmation. Prognostic equations.

Circulation and vorticity. Potential vorticity.

An introduction to the atmospheric boundary layer and turbulence. Effect of boundary layer on large scale motions.

Quasi-geostrophic approximmation.

Atmospheric waves. Linearisation.

Instabilities in atmospheric motions.

Atmospheric circulations. Mesoscale circulations. Global circulation.

Introduction to numerical weather prediction.

J. R. Holton, An Introduction to dynamic meteorology.

Suggested: Synoptic meteorology.

Required: Theoretical meteorology I, Foundations of hydrodynamics.

Pass of class exercises, oral examination.

Course: 539 Applied meteorology

Lecturer: dr Lech Łobocki and dr Henryk Piwkowski

Semester: summer and winter

Lecture hours per week: 3

Class hours per week: 3

Code: 07.709539

Credits: 15

Syllabus:

S. Petterseen, Weather analysis and forecasting.

S. P. Chromov, Osnovy sinopticeskoj meteorologii.

A. S. Zverev, Sinopticeskaja meteorologia.

Compendium of meteorology, vol.1, part 3 - Synoptic meteorology, WMO - No. 364, 1978.

R. K. Anderson, The use of satellite pictures in weather analysis and forecasting. Techn. Note No.124, WMO – No. 333.

Images in weather forecasting, red. M. J. Bader et al.

Theoretical meteorology I, Experimental meteorology.

Pass of class exercises, examination.

Course: 540 Selected topics in physics of atmosphere

Lecturer: doc. dr hab. Janusz Borkowski

Semester: summer

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 2

Code: 13.209540

Credits: 5

Dynamics of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

1. Introduction

Basic information on boundary layer, depth and structure of the boundary layer, significance of the boundary layer.

2. Basic governing equations

Equations of motion and heat conservation, Boussinesq approximation, turbulent motion, equations for mean and fluctuating variables, Reynolds stress, equations of higher moments, energy budget, Richardson number, closure problem, parameterisation of the boundary layer in large scale models

3. Flux-profile relationship

Similarity theory and dimensional analysis, logarithmic profile, Monin-Obuchov theory, similarity predictions for variances of the velocity components and temperature.

4. Fluxes at the Earth surface

Fluxes of the sensible and latent heat, evapotranspiration, Bowen ratio.

5. Convective boundary layer

Structure of the convective boundary layer, diurnal variation, Tennekes model.

6. Stable boundary layer

Structure of the layer, evolution, low level jet.

R. Stull, An introduction to boundary layers meteorology.

J. R. Garrat, The atmospheric boundary layer.

Suggested: Theoretical meteorology.

Pass of class exercises, oral examination.

Course: 483 Mathematical methods of geophysics

Lecturer: dr Jerzy Różański

Semester: winter and summer

Lecture hours per week: 3

Class hours per week: 3

Code: 11.103483

Credits: 15

The lecture is an introduction to so called "applied mathematics" and it should give an imagination about basic mathematical problems close to this, which we meet in practice, but still possible to solving. Practice include the following parts:

Partial differential equation (I order linear and non-linear, linear II order of three classification types: hyperbolic, parabolic and elliptic),

Methods of Hilbert Spaces (integral equation, Sturm-Liouville's Problem, variational problems,...)

Stochastic methods (basic probabilistic notions and introduction to stochastic processes).

Literature:

Mathematical Analysis, Algebra with Geometry, Mathematical Methods of Physics.

Colloquia (4), examination.

Course: 488 Mechanics of continuous media – elastomechanics (for students of Lithosphere)

Lecturer: dr hab. Leszek Czechowski

Semester: summer

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 2

Code: 13.207488

Credits: 5

Idea of the mechanics of continuous media. Reological properties of material. Mathematical methods: non-Cartesian coordinate systems, differential operators. Substantial derivative. Tensors and their properties. Lagrangian and spatial Euler's of deformation. Tensors of deformation and conditions of compatibility. Fundamental theorem of the mechanics of continuous media. Methods of simulation: dimensionless equations and dimensional analysis. Constitutive equations. Elastic medium: small deformation, elastic waves (longitudinal, transverse, surface), reflection, Snellius law, head wave. Media of more complicated reology: Maxwell’s body and Kelvin’s body. Fractures and dislocation in the continuum medium: method of description and simple examples.

Literature:

Foundations of hydrodynamics.

Pass of class exercises, oral examination.

Course: 489 Physics of lithosphere and planetology

Lecturer: prof. dr hab. Jacek Leliwa-Kopystyński

Semester: winter and summer

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 2

Code: 13.207489

Credits: 10

Solar System and Planetary System as its central part. Scales of the distances, of time and of energy as applied to the above Systems. Classification of the bodies (planets and satellites) of the Solar System according to their sizes and to their mean densities. Small bodies: Oort cloud, Kuiper belt, Centaur-type objects.

Solar - planets and Solar - terrestrial interaction. Kepler's laws. Resonances orbit - orbit and spin - orbit (synchronous rotation of the planetary satellites). Inclinations of planetary rotation axis: tropical circles, arctic circles, seasons. Solar constant. Albedo. Temperatures of the planetary surfaces. Comparison of the solar flux of energy and of intrinsic planetary flux. Stability and escape planetary atmospheres: Jeans' formula.

Gravity field of the Earth and of the planets. Spherical harmonics of gravity potential. Approximate solutions for the Earth's potential. Rotation of the Earth. Figure of the Earth. Distribution of the gravity field on the Earth's surface. Precession and nutation. Roche limit of stability against disruption; an example: comet SL9.

Surfaces of the planets and of the satellites. The main achievements of the planetary missions. Evolution of planetary surfaces (resurfacing) due to internal convection. Plate tectonics on the Earth. Volcanism, weathering, and impacts as the main phenomena forming the planetary surface.

Origin and age of the Solar System. Kelvin formula for the age. Isotope dating. Abundances of the elements in the Universe, in the Sun, in the protoplanetary nebula, in the meteorites, and in the planets. Condensational sequence. Accretion of planets, of satellites and of cometary nuclei. Scaling of the impact phenomena. Giant impacts, origin of the Moon. Catastrophic collisions (KT boundary).

Spherical-symmetric planet. Equations of state of different media at high pressure and high temperature conditions. Distribution of pressure, of temperature, of gravity acceleration. Accretion and radioactivity as the sources of internal energy of planets. Gravitational differentiation. Multi-layered planetary models. The Earth. Model PREM. The boundaries of composition and of phase change. Distributions of pressure, of temperature, of gravity acceleration, of the velocities of the seismic waves, of composition, of material parameters (heat conductivity, viscosity, melting temperature).

There are rather only a few students of the specialisation of Physics of lithosphere (for whom these lectures are destined). Therefore the program of the lectures is very variable from year to year in order to fit to the individual requirement and ability of the small student group.

F. D. Stacey, Physics of the Earth.

R. J. Teysseyre, J. Leliwa-Kopystyński, B. Lang, Evolution of the Earth and other Planetary Bodies.

P. Artymowicz, Astrofizyka układów planetarnych.

Suggested: Astrophysics

Required: Thermodynamics or Statistical physics I.

Pass of class exercises, oral examination.

Course: 541 Seismology

Lecturer: prof. dr hab. Marek Grad

Semester: winter and summer

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 2

Code: 13.209541

Credits: 10

1. Seismicity of the Earth

Spatial distribution of earthquakes; seismometry; magnitude and energy of the earthquake; Mercalli and Richter scales; theory of seismograph; arrays of seismic stations.

2. Elastic properties of rocks

Elastic parameters; density and porosity; anisotropy of seismic velocities; elastic properties of rocks in high temperature and pressure.

3. Elastic waves

Theoretical background; Navier equation in elastic medium; P and S body waves; surface waves; ray tracing method; theoretical travel times, amplitudes and synthetic seismograms in the multilayered inhomogenities medium; SEIS83 programme package.

4. Models of the seismic source and earthquake prediction

Single force, couple of forces and double couple of forces; P and S wave radiation from the seismic source; processes in the seismic source; sequence of quakes; statistical prediction; precursor phenomena.

5. Earth interior structure

Equation of seismic ray in spherical Earth model; parametric equation of the travel time; the method of Wichert & Herglotz; Jeffreys-Bullen travel time; seismic waves in the Earth; Earth structure.

6. Structural seismology

Structure of the crust and upper mantle; reflection and refraction methods; deep seismic soundings; seismic tomography.

D. Gubbins, Seismology and plate tectonics.

K. Aki, P. G. Richards, Quantitative seismology: theory and methods.

E. Stenz, M. Mackiewicz, Geofizyka ogólna.

Prerequisites:

Examination: Pass of class exercises, oral examination.

Course: 542 Geomagnetism

Lecturer: dr Lech Krysiński

Semester: winter and summer

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 2

Code: 13.209542

Credits: 10

Historical introduction about Earth's magnetism investigations, some information about methodology of the magnetic field measurements, vast and detail description of the properties of the main field (= the internal part) of the Earth, discussion of a set of problems concerning the nature of the internal Earth's magnetism, general information about external magnetic phenomena and introduction to the rock magnetism, paleomagnetism and archeomagnetism.

E. Stenz and M. Mackiewicz, Geofizyka ogólna.

M. Westphal, Paleomagnetyzm i własności magnetyczne skał.

Fizyka i ewolucja wnętrza Ziemi, red. R. Teisseyre, t. II, PWN.

L. Krysiński, Pochodzenie pola magnetycznego Ziemi - historia badań i obecny stan poglądów, Przegląd Geofizyczny XLI (1996), zeszyt 3, str. 193-218.

F. D. Stacey, Physics of the Earth, Brookfield Press, 1992.

P. Melchior, The Physics of the Earth's Core - An Introduction, Pergamon Press, 1986.

R. T. Merrill, M. W. McElhinny, Ph. L. McFadden, The magnetic field of the Earth – paleomagnetism, the core and the deep mantle, Academic Press, 1996.

Geomagnetism, red. J. A. Jacobs, vol. 1-4, Academic Press.

Physics I, II, III, IV, Introduction to geophysics, Electrodynamics of continuous media (or Classical electrodynamics), courses in mathematics (including Mathematical methods of physics and Mathematical methods of geophysics).

Participation in classes, numerical problem, examination.

Course: 543 Geothermodynamics

Lecturer: dr hab. Leszek Czechowski

Semester: summer

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 2

Code: 13.209543

Credits: 5

Basic laws of thermodynamics. Thermodynamical processes in the Earth's interior and small planets and in jovian planets. Heat conduction: Fourier's law, heat flux, density of heat flux. Mechanisms of the heat conduction in the rocks: phonons, radiation and excitons. Heat flux measurements in the Earth's crust, theirs scientific and practical roles. Geothermal heat sources. Convection: process and its description in terms of the mechanics of continuum media. Fundamentals of thermodynamics of the dissipative processes. Thermodynamical description of the convection. Convection in the Earth's mantle: basic properties, role of the convection in evolution of the Earth's surface and interior. Convection in mantles of other small planets and its role for evolution. Convection inside the Earth's core: generation of the magnetic field.

Literature:

Prerequisites:

Pass of class exercises, oral examination.

Course: 544 Satellite geophysics and gravimetry

Lecturer: prof. dr hab. Barbara Kołaczek and doc. dr hab. Jan K. Łatka

Semester: winter

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 2

Code: 13.209544

Credits: 5

Earth rotation

Theoretical bases of Earth rotation.

Contemporary methods of determinations Earth rotation parameters and their time variations from satellite observations (laser, GPS, Doppler and radio).

Fundamental terrestrial reference system and their time variations.

Descriptions of main of Earth velocity variations (length of day)

Descriptions of main features of polar motion variations

Variations of atmospheric and oceanic angular momentum and their influences on Earth rotation.

Gravimetry

Gravitational potential of the Earth, Geoid, Ellipsoid. Gravimetry and gravimetric anomaly. Stocks integral.

Dynamics of the artificial Earth satellites movement and determination of the Earth gravity potential, from the perturbation of orbits.

Determination of position of terrestrial point using satellites. Methods of determinations: SLR, GPS, GLONASS, PRARE

Other satellite methods: satellite to satellite tracking, satellite altimetery, satellite gradiometry, inertial systems.

Earth’s and ocean’s tides.

Models of the Earth, tectonic plates, sea level variations.

Gravity and low-frequency geodynamics, red. R. Teisseyre, t. IV, PWN, 1989.

H. Monitz, I. Meuller, Earth rotation-theory and observations,1988, Ungar Publ. Company.

K. Lambeck, The Earth's variable rotation, geophysical causes and consequences, 1989, Cambridge University Press.

Reference frames in astronomy and geophysics, 1989, Kluwer.

J. O. Dickey, Contributions of space geodesy to geodynamics: Earth dynamics, eds. D. Smith, D. L. Turcotte, Geodyn. Series, Vol. 24.

W. de Gruyter, Satellite geodesy.

The Earth and its rotation, 1996, Wichman Verlag.

Mathematics and Physics courses in years I to III.

Pass grade of class exercises, oral examination.

Course: 492 Radiation detectors

Lecturer: dr hab. Teresa Tymieniecka

Semester: summer

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 0

Code: 13.506492

Credits: 2,5

The course is offered to the non-specialist who wants to apply the radiation technique to his (her) particular field and is looking for a concise introductory talk. Therefore the course should prove helpful for students before they choose a field of interest or during the first year of work for their Master’s degree as a supplementary course to get familiar with nuclear methods and detectors used in high and low energy nuclear physics, in elementary particle physics and cosmic rays as well as in applied physics (in medical physics, radiation dosimetry, nuclear science and engineering, nuclear chemistry and geochronology as well as radiological protection).

The course is laid out in three parts:

Some of the fundamental knowledge is presented related to the passage of radiation through matter and its application for detection. The basic ideas on data analysis are summarised: detection efficiency, resolution, calibration, electronic noise, background radiation, radiation damage.

The functioning and operation of principal types of detectors are discussed: scintillators, ionisation detectors, semiconductor detectors and Čerenkov counters, solid state nuclear track detectors (emulsion, mica, inorganic crystals and glasses, synthetic organic polymers), dosimetry with superconducting grains, with thermoluminescent effects, with superheated drop detectors as well as activation foil techniques.

The course includes planning the experiment, setting up the hybrid-type systems composed of different detectors and the related problems, troubleshooting the measuring apparatus, their calibration and maintaining.

A general view of the present applications is provided in applied physics, in medicine and biology based on nuclear chemistry, as well as some solid state researches are presented with use of accelerators.

Copies of transparencies from all the lectures will be available in the local library.

W.R.Leo, “Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments”, Spring Verlag, 1994.

C.F.G.Delaney, E.C.Finch, “Radiation Detectors”, Clarendon Press - Oxford, 1992.

Suggested: Physics III and IV.

Required: Introduction to nuclear and particle physics.

Based on a short written exam or a written project of an experiment with use of the presented detection technique.

Course: 493 Experimental methods in high energy physics

Lecturer: dr hab. Ewa Rondio and dr hab. Teresa Tymieniecka

Semester: winter

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 0

Code: 13.506493

Credits: 2,5

During the lecture we will present the principles of construction of large detectors in the high energy physics as well as methods of reconstruction and the statistical analysis of the recorded interactions.

In the lecture the following subjects will be covered: readout and signal processing techniques including the discussion on electronics elements used, different methods of triggering and filtering of the data, methods of construction of the composite experimental systems, the most popular algorithms for reconstruction of the events, search for the optimal parameters describing the interaction, applications of the Monte-Carlo simulation methods to algorithm testing, algorithms used for statistical analysis and methods of coordination for some large program systems.

The idea of this lecture is to pass information useful for a physicist participating in the data analysis or in the preparation of large experiment in high energy physics.

This lecture is a continuation of the lecture "Radiation detectors".

This course is addressed to the fourth and fifth year students as well as to the PhD students specialising in high energy physics.

B.K.Bock, H.Grote, D.Notz, M.Regler, Data analysis techniques for high-energy physics experiments, Cambridge University Press, 1990.

W.R.Leo, Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments, Springer, 1994.

Prerequisites:

Suggested: Topics in elementary particle physics, Radiation detectors, Selected experiments of particle physics.

Required: Introduction to nuclear and elementary particle physics.

Colloquium, examination.

Course: 494 Statistics for physicists

Lecturer: dr Roman Nowak

Semester: winter

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 2

Code: 11.205494

Credits: 5

Lecture covers the subject of probability theory and classical mathematical statistics on intermediate level. Student is expected to be in a possession of the fundamentals of differential and integral calculus as well as rudiments of statistical data analysis required at student’s laboratory practicals on the 1st year. Chief aim of these lectures is to broaden this knowledge by presenting general perspective together with the number of detailed results. Subjects discussed include notion of random variable and its distribution function, conditional probability and statistical independence, Bayes’s theorem, functions of random variables and moments of distributions. Popular probability distributions (uniform, binomial, exponential, Poissonian, normal, chi-square and Student’s) are considered and their practical applications indicated. Mathematical statistics is taught by means of data presentation methods, statistical indices and their properties, simulation methods, parameter estimations (method of moments, maximum likelihood, least squares and confidence regions) and hypothesis verification (Pearson chi-square) test. Lecture, illustrated with examples drawn almost exclusively from the nuclear and particle physics, is addressed to the students specialising in this filed of study in the course of the 4th or/and 5th year.

Lecture notes are available from the Institute of Experimental Physics’ library as well as on WWW (http://www.fuw.edu.pl/~rjn/sdf.html}.

Prerequisites:

Written examination

Course: 497 Simulations in condensed matter physics.

Lecturer: dr hab. Ryszard Kutner

Semester: winter

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 0

Code: 13.205497

Credits: 2,5

Aim of lectures is to analyse characteristic problems in condensed matter by using stochastic simulations (Monte Carlo methods) and/or deterministic ones (molecular dynamic methods). In general, the lectures constitute a bridge between numerical experiments and physics.

Lectures cover selected numerical methods and algorithms applied in condensed matter as well as selected subjects in condensed matter physics

Elements of thermal and statistical physics of small systems (in nano- and mezo-scale)

Ionic transport, diffusion and relaxation

Dynamical properties of polymers

Disordered systems: alloys and spin glasses

Phase transitions in magnetic systems

Elements of turbulent hydrodynamics

Nonintegrable problems in nonlinear mechanics: deterministic chaos

Part A: Application of Monte Carlo methods in condensed matter physics\

A1: Static Monte Carlo methods: Monte Carlo integration

A2: Dynamic Monte Carlo methods: Markov master equation - kinetic Ising--Kawasaki model

A3: Renormalisation group Monte Carlo method

A4: Path probability method

A5: Quantum Monte Carlo method

A6: Cellular automata

Part B: Molecular dynamics in condensed matter physics

B1: Methods of numerical solution of ordinary differential equations

B2: Methods of numerical solution of partial differential equations

(first and second order)

B3: Methods of numerical solution of eigenvalue problems

D. Potter, Metody obliczeniowe fizyki.

S. E. Koonin, Computational physics.

Monte Carlo methods in statistical physics, Topics in Current Physics t. VII, red. K. Binder.

Applications of the Monte Carlo methods in statistical physics, Topics in Current Physics, vol 36, red. K. Binder.

R. W. Hockney, J. W. Eastwood, Computer simulation using particles.

A. Björck, G. Dahlquist, Metody numeryczne.

A. Krupowicz, Metody numeryczne zagadnień początkowych równań różniczkowych zwyczajnych.

R. Kutner, Elementy mechaniki numerycznej.

Suggested: Programming, Mathematical analysis, Classical mechanics, Statistical physics or Thermodynamics.

Required: Numerical methods.

Examination.

Course: 502 Selected experiments of particle physics (lecture is given in English)

Lecturer: prof. dr hab. Janusz Zakrzewski

Semester: winter and summer

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 0

Code: 13.507502

Credits: 5

Introduction.

Intermediate vector bosons.

Quarks.

Future accelerators.

Review papers.

Suggested: Introduction to nuclear and elementary particle physics.

Participation in lectures.

Course: 509 Electronic properties of solids and defects (lecture is given in English)

Lecturer: prof dr hab. Jacek Baranowski

Semester: winter and summer

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 0

Code: 13.209509

Credits: 5

1. Chemical bonds in Solids.

a) Van der Waals bonds.

b) Ionic bonds.

c) Covalent bonds.

2. Structural properties of covalent solids

a) Atomic spacing.

b) Cohesive energy.

c) Force constants.

3. Translation symmetry and band structure of semiconductors.

4. Electrical and optical properties of semiconductors.

5. Heterojunctions – band discontinuity.

6. Impurities in semiconductors.

a) Shallow impurities and chemical shift of the ground state.

b) Deep impurities.

7. Examples of technologically important deep centres.

a) Vacancy in Si.

b) Cation and anion vacancies in III-V and II-VI compounds.

c) Oxygen in Si.

d) Metastability of defects - EL2 in GaAs.

e) Nitrogen in GaP.

8. Two-dimensional crystals – band structure of graphite.

9. Semiconductor surface – structural reconstruction and electronic properties.

10. Metal - semiconductor interfaces.

W. Harison, Electronic structure of solids.

Prerequisites:

Participation in lectures.

Course: 530 Nonlinear image processing

Lecturer: prof. dr hab. Tomasz Szoplik

Semester: summer

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 0

Code: 13.207530

Credits: 2,5

Linear systems: superposition principle; impulse response; modulation transfer function; convolution; correlation. Linearity of optical imaging systems. Resolution in optical imaging systems. Synthetic aperture optics.

Image processing in the Fourier and image planes.

Nonlinear image processing in the Fourier plane: spatial frequency filtration; theta modulation; halftoning.

Classical, nonlinear, digital filters for image detail enhancement.

Nonlinear rank order filters. Spatially sampled and intensity quantised digital image. Definitions of L, R, and M-type as well as median type filters. Performance of rank order filters in noise removal and edge and line enhancement tasks. Criteria of filters performance. Theorems on median filters.

Threshold decomposition. Optical-digital method of local histogram calculation.

Optoelectronic processors and its architecture. Correlators with coherent and incoherent illumination. Hybrid processors with spatial light modulators.

Morphological image processing. Basic operations and filters. Sequential filters. Idempotence. Detail and edge enhancement algorithms.

Applications to satellite, aerial, and medical image processing.

Processing of multispectral images.

I. Pitas, A. N. Venetsanopoulos, Nonlinear digital filters. Principles and applications.

J. Serra, Image analysis and mathematical morphology.

P. Maragos, R. W. Schafer, Morphological filters, IEEE Trans Acoust Speech Signal Processing ASSP-35 (1987) 1153-1184.

Morphological image processing. Principles and optoelectronic implementations, red. T. Szoplik, SPIE Milestone series, vol. 127, Bellingham (1996).

Fourier optics, and Optical information processing.

Oral examination.

Course: 531 Correlation methods in optical image recognition

Lecturer: prof. dr hab. Katarzyna Chałasińska-Macukow

Semester: summer

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 0

Code: 13.207531

Credits: 2,5

Matched filtering: classical and statistical approaches.

Optical correlators: architectures and criteria of performance.

Recognition filters: simple and their parameters, composite and multicriteria.

Nonlinear correlation.

Invariances in correlation methods: with respect to shift, rotation, scale, illumination, contrast and distortion.

Optoelectronic elements in correlators: spatial light modulators, CCD cameras, thresholders.

Programmable real-time optoelectronic correlators.

Recognition filter coding: optimisation.

Optical associative memory: recognition of partially ocluded objects.

Applications of correlation methods in pattern recognition.

Lecture is addressed mainly to students of specialisation Fourier optics and information processing.

K. Gniadek, Optyczne przetwarzanie informacji.

J. W. Goodman, Optyka statystyczna.

Fourier optics – examination, Optical information processing – examination.

Oral examination.

Course: 547 Physics of clouds I and II

Lecturer: prof. dr hab. Krzysztof Haman

Semester: summer and winter

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 0

Code: 13.209547

Credits: 5

Syllabus:

R. A. Houze, Cloud dynamics.

W. R. Cotton, I. R. A. Anthes, Storm and cloud dynamics.

F. H. Ludlam, Clouds and storms.

Theoretical meteorology.

Participation in lectures.

Course: 548 Introduction to physics of magnetism

Lecturer: prof. dr hab. Andrzej Twardowski

Semester: winter

Lecture hours per week: 2

Class hours per week: 0

Code: 13.207548

Credits: 2,5

The fundamentals of the physics of magnetism are presented. The aim of the course is to get students familiar with the basic magnetic problems. They should obtain a simple overview of magnetism and this way also an introduction to the physics of modern magnetism.

We discuss basic magnetic quantities, the nature of magnetism, magnetism of isolated (noninteracting) magnetic moments and collective behaviour of interacting magnetic centres. In distinction of classical electrodynamics point of view we focus on microscopic mechanisms leading to the magnetic properties of the matter, in particular crystals.

Syllabus:

basic magnetic quantities

thermodynamics of magnetism

ideal, noninteracting magnetic moments (spins)

free ions and atoms

crystal field and effective spins

interaction between magnetic moments

long ranged magnetic order (ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic systems)

paramagnetic phase of interacting magnetic systems

ferromagnetic phase

ferromagnetic domains

spin-glasses

magnetic semiconductors and diluted magnetic semiconductors

The course is addressed to the beginners. Only simple electrodynamics (Maxwell’s equations level) and quantum mechanics is necessary to follow the discussion.

1. C.Kittel Introduction to solid state physics

2. D.Craik Magnetism

3. R.M.White Quantum theory of magnetism

4. D.C.Mattis Theory of magnetism

5. D.Jiles Introduction to Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

Suggested: Introduction to atomic, molecular and solid state physics.

Required: Physics II (Electricity & Magnetism), Quantum Mechanics I.

Oral examination.